Translation procedures Newmark (1988b)

The following are the different translation procedures that Newmark (1988b) proposes:

1     Transference: it is the process of transferring an SL word to a TL text. It  includes transliteration and is the same as what Harvey (2000:5) named "transcription."

a.     The question we ask today is not whether our government is too big or too small, but whether it works - whether it helps families find jobs at a decent wage, care they can afford, a retirement that is dignified.

Pertanyaan yang kitaajukan sekarang bukan apakah  pemerintah kita terlalu besar atau terlalu kecil, tetapi apakah pemerintah kita bias berfungsi, apakah pemerintah bias menolong para keluarga mencari pekerjaan dengan upah yang layak, asuransi kesehatan yang terjangkau, danpensiun yang berarti.

b.     As for our common defense, we reject as false the choice between our safety and our ideals.

Mengenai pertahanan kita bersama, kita menolak dan menganggap palsu pilihan antara keselamatan dan idaman atau cita-cita kita.

(Pidato Obama / Obama’s speech )

2. Naturalization: it adapts the SL word first to the normal pronunciation, then to the normal morphology of the TL. (Newmark, 1988b:82)

a.     Lobby menjadi lobi

b.     Hobby menjadi hobi

3. Cultural equivalent: it means replacing a cultural word in the SL with a TL one. however, "they are not accurate" (Newmark, 1988b:83)

a.     baseball dalam bahasa Inggris diterjemahkan menjadi kasti dalam bahasa Indonesia;

b.     Duckburg Daily BlaàPos Kota Bebek

4. Functional equivalent: it requires the use of a culture-neutral word. (Newmark, 1988b:83)

a.     A penny àSerupiah

b.     $10,000 àSeratusjuta

(Donald duck comic)

5. Descriptive equivalent:in this procedure the meaning of the CBT is explained in several words. (Newmark, 1988b:83)

a.     Panettone menjadi kue tradisional itali yang dimakan pada malam tahun baru;

b.     Licensed softwareàPerangkat lunak yang                             dilisensikan.

6. Componential analysis: it means "comparing an SL word with a TL word which has a similar meaning but is not an obvious one-to-one equivalent, by demonstrating first their common and then their differing sense components." (Newmark, 1988b:114)

a.     Mr. Perfect àBebek Paling Sempurna

b.                        Just for Kicks àPelajaranBerharga

7. Synonymy: it is a "near TL equivalent." Here economy trumps accuracy. (Newmark, 1988b:84)

a.     April Fools  àApril Mop

b.     Get rid of  àMenyingkirkan

8.        Through-translation: it is the literal translation of common collocations,  names of organizations and components of compounds. It can also be called: calque or loan translation. (Newmark, 1988b:84)

a.     Normal School menjadiSekolah Normal;

b.     The Bongolian Box àKotakBongolia

9. Shifts or transpositions: it involves a change in the grammar from SL to TL, for instance, (i) change from singular to plural, (ii) the change required when a specific SL structure does not exist in the TL, (iii) change of an SL verb to a TL word, change of an SL noun group to a TL noun and so forth. (Newmark, 1988b:86)

a.     Nah, he’s some lovesick Romeo, I guess, who hired me for another important mission! à         Yah, kurasadia Romeo yang sedangjatuh   cinta! Diamenugasikumisipenting!

b.     Hi Donald! Listen, I forgot to mention those dogs were partially trained as attackdogs, using a dummy whose shirt looked just likeyours !àHaiDonal! Dengar, aku lupa bilang kalau anjing-anjing itu sudah dilatih sebagai anjing penyerang! Aku melatihnya dengan orang-orangan yang memakai kemeja mirip kemejamu!

10. Modulation: it occurs when the translator reproduces the message of the original text in the TL text in conformity with the current norms of the TL, since the SL and the TL may appear dissimilar in terms of perspective. (Newmark, 1988b:88)

a.     The laws of Germany govern this Agreement.àPerjanjianinidiaturolehhukumJerman

b.     XYZ liability is mandatory under the applicablelaw, e.g.        according to Product Liability Law.àTanggung jawab XYZ merupakan kewajiban berdasarkan undang-undang yang berlaku, misalnya Undang-undang Perlindungan Konsumen (dalam konteks ini).

1 11.   Recognized translation: it occurs when the translator "normally uses the official or the generally accepted translation of any institutional term." (Newmark, 1988b:89)

a.     PBB                                 : UN (United Nation)

b.     AmerikaSerikat (AS)      : USA (United States of America)

12. Compensation: it occurs when loss of meaning in one part of a sentence is compensated in another part. (Newmark, 1988b:90)

a.     What kind of sap do you take me for?  à Kalian anggapakubebekbodohmacamapa?

b.     He couldn’t even lift an axe without hurting himself!  àMemegangkampaksajabisa-bisatangannyaterluka!

13. Paraphrase: in this procedure the meaning of the CBT is explained. Here the explanation is much more detailed than that of descriptive equivalent. (Newmark, 1988b:91)

a.     Cute? Little? àHah? Ini yang lucudankecil?

b.     Diamond money!  àPastiuangpenjualanberlian!

14. Couplets: it occurs when the translator combines two different procedures. (Newmark, 1988b:91)

a.     For they have forgotten what this country has already done; what free men and women can achieve when imagination is joined to common purpose, and necessity to courage. 

Mereka telah melupakan apa yang dilakukan Negara ini, apa yang bias dicapai olehl aki-laki dan perempuan yang hidup bebas, apabila imajinasi digabung demi tujuan bersama, dankebutuhan digabung dengan ketabahan.

-Literal (transcription)

-Naturalization (imagination to imajinasi

b.     And those of us who manage the public's dollars will be held to account - to spend wisely, reform bad habits, and do our business in the light of day - because only then can we restore the vital trust between a people and their government

Dan mereka yang mengaturuangrakyatakandimintaipertanggung-jawabannya - supayamengeluarkanuangsecarabijaksana, mengubahkebiasaanburuk, danmelakukanbisniskitadenganjujur - karenahanyadengandemikiankitabisamemulihkankepercayaanpentingantararakyatdanpemerintah.

-Literal (transcription)

-Compensation (in the light of day/jujur)

15. Notes: notes are additional information in a translation. (Newmark, 1988b:91)

a.     Ramadhan : the Muslim month of fasting

b.     Go home and watch the kids’ channel!  àPulang dan tonton saja film kesukaan kalian di televisi!